凯伦·欧布里恩 （Karen O’Brien） 深入探讨了在启蒙文学（Enlightenment literature）中世界主义（cosmopolitanism）和民族主义（nationalism）之间既竞争又相互依存的关系。世界主义强调超越国界的普遍人类价值，例如自由、平等、理性和进步，而民族主义强调本土文化的独特性与优越性。世界主义强调跨越国界的共同目标，主张全球合作与统一。而民族主义则注重保护国家利益和民族特性，则更倾向于在国家或民族范围内解决问题。但是，世界主义与民族主义并非完全对立，而是存在着复杂的互动关系：世界主义为民族主义提供了普世框架，而民族主义则为世界主义注入了文化和情感的具体内容。启蒙史家在歌颂本民族成就时，往往将其与普遍人类进步联系起来。在某些情况下，世界主义的价值观被用来为民族主义服务，例如通过强调本民族的普世性成就，来争取国际认同或政治优势。启蒙世界主义基于理性和普遍性，为全球化提供了理论基础。但当代批评指出，理性和普遍性可能包含隐性偏见，忽视非西方文化的独特性。这种反思推动了全球化中的去中心化和多元文化倡议。尊重各民族文化的平等性，是全球化持续发展的前提。
Karen O’Brien delves into the relationship between cosmopolitanism and nationalism which is both competitive and interdependent in Enlightenment literature. Cosmopolitanism emphasizes universal human values that transcend borders, such as freedom, equality, reason, and progress, while nationalism focuses on the uniqueness and superiority of local cultures. Cosmopolitanism advocates for shared goals that cross national boundaries, promoting global cooperation and unity. Nationalism, on the other hand, prioritizes protecting national interests and cultural identity, favoring solutions at the level of the state or nation. However, cosmopolitanism and nationalism are not entirely opposed but rather exhibit a complex interaction: cosmopolitanism provides a universal framework for nationalism, while nationalism adds cultural and emotional specificity to cosmopolitan ideals. Enlightenment historians often linked their celebration of national achievements with broader notions of human progress. In certain cases, cosmopolitan values were employed to serve nationalist purposes, such as highlighting the universal significance of a nation’s accomplishments to gain international recognition or political advantage. Enlightenment cosmopolitanism, grounded in reason and universality, laid a theoretical foundation for globalization. Yet contemporary critiques argue that reason and universality may carry implicit biases, often overlooking the distinctiveness of non-Western cultures. This reflection has driven efforts toward decentralizat
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