菲利普·鲍尔（Philip Ball）解释道，量子力学颠覆了经典物理中关于一个客观的、与观察者无关的宇宙的观念。一颗量子粒子在未被测量之前，并不具有确定的位置或动量。测量的行为——即观察者与粒子的交互作用（interaction）——确定了粒子对于观察者来说的状态属性。这意味着，粒子的状态不是自然界的绝对事实，而是一个相对于关系的事实，依赖于它与观察者或环境的交互方式。因此，量子力学被解读为一种关于信息与知识的理论。它不再专注于宇宙“本身是什么”，而是强调“我们能知道什么”。
Philip Ball explains that quantum mechanics undermines the classical idea of an objective, observer-independent universe. A quantum particle doesn’t have a definite position or momentum until it is measured. The act of measurement (interaction) defines the particle’s properties in relation to the observer. This means the state of the particle is not an absolute fact of nature but a relational fact that depends on how it interacts with the observer or environment. The quantum mechanics is interpreted as a theory of information and knowledge. It challenges classical ideas of determinism and causality, and places the focus on what we can know about the universe, rather than the universe as it is in itself.
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