奥古斯特·孔德（Auguste Comte）阐述了实证主义(positivism)的原则，这是一种以可观察、可测量的事实为基础的方法论， 它拒绝猜（speculation）、迷信（superstition）或抽象的形而上学（metaphysics）。实证主义试图将所有知识和社会组织建立在经验证据和科学推理的基础之上。孔德认为，社会现象与自然现象一样，遵循可以被发现和科学地研究的规律。
Auguste Comte lays out the principles of positivism，a method of thinking that relies on observable, measurable facts and rejects speculation, superstition, or abstract metaphysics. Positivism seeks to ground all knowledge and societal organization in empirical evidence and scientific reasoning. Comte argues that social phenomena, like natural phenomena, follow laws that can be discovered and studied scientifically.
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