詹姆斯·莱迪曼（James Ladyman）和唐·罗斯（Don Ross）提倡的”本体结构实在论”（Ontic Structural Realism, OSR）认为，现实的基本构成不是独立的物体（objects），而是它们的关系。这一观点挑战了传统的经济学假设，将经济学的关注点从个体行为主体和静态实体转向关系的结构和涌现（emergent）的经济动态。涌现性（emergence）指多个要素组成系统后，出现了系统组成前单个要素所不具有的性质。经济模型不应仅仅关注基于对象的最优化，而应捕捉经济系统中的模式和不断演化的结构。
James Ladyman and Don Ross advocate for “Ontic Structural Realism (OSR)”, which holds that relations, rather than objects, are fundamental in reality. OSR challenges traditional economic assumptions by shifting the focus from individual agents and static entities to relational structures and emergent economic dynamics. Emergence refers to the phenomenon where a system, composed of multiple elements, exhibits properties that were not present in any individual element before the system was formed. Economic models should capture patterns and evolving structures, not just object-based optimization.
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