哈维·曼斯菲尔德(Harvey Mansfield) 探讨了马基雅维利(Machiavelli)如何重新定义“美德”（virtù），将其从传统的道德伦理的理想转变为一种更加进取、更富策略和实用的品质来获取政治成功。这种“美德”强调适应能力、狡黠以及操控命运的能力，而不是遵守传统道德准则。曼斯菲尔德特别强调了马基雅维利开启了“现实政治”（realpolitik），即在政治实践中，将效率和稳定置于伦理考量之上。他还指出，马基雅维利建议统治者“间接统治”(govern indirectly)，而非直接依靠武力。这种统治方式包括运用法律和制度来塑造行为，而非正面冲突，同时通过掌控叙事、制造神话和修饰表象来维持权力。
Harvey Mansfield explores how Machiavelli redefined virtue, transforming it from a moral and ethical ideal into a more aggressive, strategic, and pragmatic quality needed for political success. It is about adaptability, cunning, and the ability to manipulate fortune rather than adherence to traditional moral codes. Mansfield emphasizes Machiavelli’s role in initiating “realpolitik”, where effectiveness and stability take precedence over ethical considerations. He also highlights Machiavelli’s advice for rulers to “govern indirectly” rather than through overt force. This involves using laws and institutions to shape behavior without direct confrontation and controlling narratives—crafting myths and appearances to maintain power.
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